Dr Elizabeth Macpherson

Dr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth Macpherson

Dr Elizabeth Macpherson

Dr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth Macpherson
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Blue Carbon Futures in Aotearoa New Zealand


Law, Climate, Resilience

Scientists warn that we have a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to act on climate change. Oceans, coasts, and wetlands are key to our climate transition. Estuaries, harbours and wetlands are powerful carbon sinks. These blue carbon ecosystems can generate carbon credits and reduce emissions. They also provide benefits to nature, communities, and economies, and Māori have legal rights and rangatiratanga in marine and coastal areas.


Right now, Aotearoa’s laws and policies don’t provide for Blue Carbon. But we are an island nation with a vast coastline. Our marine territory is 15 times our landmass. And most New Zealander’s live near the sea, making us vulnerable to climate change.


Governments around the world are developing Blue Carbon laws and policies, and advocates are already launching voluntary Blue Carbon restoration projects. We need laws and policies for restoring and protecting Blue Carbon ecosystems that are effective, robust, and just.


Over the next 5 years, in partnership with Ngāi Tahu, I will lead the Rutherford Discovery Fellowship research programme Blue Carbon Futures in Aotearoa New Zealand: Law, Climate, Resilience, generously funded by Te Apārangi – The Royal Society of New Zealand.


Image credit: NIWA.

What is Blue Carbon?

Wetlands, mangroves, saltmarshes and seagrass are powerful carbon and biodiversity ‘sinks’.

Blue Carbon ecosystems store carbon, buffer storm surge, sea-level rise and erosion, filter pollutants from land runoff, and combat marine wildlife habitat loss. These carbon-rich ecosystems are vital to mitigating the impacts of climate change. They are also critical for coastal biodiversity, food security, livelihoods and human well-being, in addition to climate adaptation – protecting millions of people globally from the impacts of storms, coastal flooding and erosion. Blue carbon ecosystems are also under threat – once these ecosystems are degraded or destroyed, their carbon stores are released as carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. The effects of climate change further threaten coastal ecosystems through the impacts of sea level rise, extreme weather events, and ocean acidification. 

Effective management and restoration of Blue Carbon ecosystems is increasingly recognised in international and scientific circles as a ‘nature-based solution’ to climate change, with a range of environmental, economic and social co-benefits. Policy discussions surrounding Blue Carbon are new and emerging, and there are many unanswered questions about the more effective and fair way to ensure their restoration and protection for the benefit of current and future generations. 

Source: Adapted from Macpherson and Jorgensen (2024) and Aotearoa New Zealand’s Key Marine Legislation Sustainable Seas (2020)

Research team

Elizabeth Macpherson

Elizabeth Macpherson

Elizabeth Macpherson

  University of Canterbury

Law

John Reid

Elizabeth Macpherson

Elizabeth Macpherson

 Ngāi Tahu Research Centre
Indigenous development

Karen Fisher

Elizabeth Macpherson

Richard Bulmer

University of Auckland

Geography and governance

Richard Bulmer

Rachael Mortiaux

Richard Bulmer

Tidal Research

Ecology

Rachael Mortiaux

Rachael Mortiaux

Rachael Mortiaux

University of Canterbury

Law

Claire Burgess

Rachael Mortiaux

Rachael Mortiaux

University of Canterbury

PhD Researcher: Law and Society



Place-based studies

The legal barriers, enablers and risks of blue carbon restoration and management vary from place to place depending on land tenure arrangements, Māori rights and interests, and regional planning controls.


This Rutherford Discovery Fellowship programme will include representative place-based studies at different spatial scales to explore the various legal barriers, opportunities and risks of blue carbon.


The programme will also explore comparative case studies, to understand how blue carbon legal frameworks are being designed and implemented overseas.


Some place-based studies may involve in-depth engagement with local communities, and some may be more desktop focused.


Study locations TBC


Research outputs

New article about enabling coastal blue carbon in Aotearoa New Zealand

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

This article explores enablers and bariers for blue carbon restoration and management in Aotearoa New Zealand, including the role of government and the insurance industry.

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

This op-ed highlights the ways in which the New Zealand Government’s proposed Fast-Track Approvals Bill would enable the prioritisation of development interests over environmental and Indigenous interests, including in marine and coastal contexts.  

New report on carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

New report on carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands

This report uses a Systems Thinking approach to describe the connections between actions of different stakeholders, and manawhenua, within the coastal-wetland carbon sequestration ‘system’, and highlights key actions and interventions for carbon sequestration to be considered in management of coastal wetlands in Aotearoa New Zealand 

Recent related work

 This article evaluates scale-dependencies in social-ecological systems and argues that scale-dependencies should be clearly identified as part of marine management and policy, in order to increase the success of ecosystem-based decision-making processes

This research project, undertaken as part of the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge, develops a research base for policy makers, Māori and stakeholders to navigate the legislative, policy and practice constraints surrounding ecosystem-based management and any changes required to enable it 

This webinar explores key findings from the Sustainable Seas Policy and Legislation for EBM research project

This article highlights critical and timely opportunities in Aotearoa New Zealand’s evolving legal context to support an ecosystem-based approach across fisheries regulation, biodiversity conservation, environmental effects management, and Indigenous or customary rights 

This article draws on comprehensive study of Aotearoa New Zealand's marine law and policy to analyse the challenges scale mismatches present for marine law and policy implementation and identifying key opportunities to better align marine law and policy to ecosystem scale dynamics

Radio New Zealand's Turning the Tide documentary explores the work of researchers, kaitiaki, and community members as they pool their knowledge and resources to improve the health of the seas around Aotearoa New Zealand 

 This article investigates the proposition that Marine Spatial Planning can be a tool to drive the EBM transition by analysing the ocean and marine governance transition in Kaikōura over the past 20 years 

This research sets out concrete policy recommendations to ensure healthy outcomes for Aotearoa New Zealand’s ocean and people 

This research provides examples of legal enablers for ecosystem-based management in marine planning and policy 

News

Funding

This Research programme is generously funded by Te Apārangi - The Royal Society and runs from 2024 – 2029.

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