Dr Elizabeth Macpherson

Dr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth Macpherson

Dr Elizabeth Macpherson

Dr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth MacphersonDr Elizabeth Macpherson
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Blue Carbon Futures in Aotearoa New Zealand


Law, Climate, Resilience

Scientists warn that we have a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to act on climate change. Oceans, coasts, and wetlands are key to our climate transition. Estuaries, harbours and wetlands are powerful carbon sinks. These blue carbon ecosystems can generate carbon credits and reduce emissions. They also provide benefits to nature, communities, and economies, and Māori have legal rights and rangatiratanga in marine and coastal areas.


Right now, Aotearoa’s laws and policies don’t provide for Blue Carbon. But we are an island nation with a vast coastline. Our marine territory is 15 times our landmass. And most New Zealander’s live near the sea, making us vulnerable to climate change.


Governments around the world are developing Blue Carbon laws and policies, and advocates are already launching voluntary Blue Carbon restoration projects. We need laws and policies for restoring and protecting Blue Carbon ecosystems that are effective, robust, and just.


Over the next 5 years, in partnership with Ngāi Tahu, I will lead the Rutherford Discovery Fellowship research programme Blue Carbon Futures in Aotearoa New Zealand: Law, Climate, Resilience, generously funded by Te Apārangi – The Royal Society of New Zealand.


Image credit: NIWA.

What is Blue Carbon?

Wetlands, mangroves, saltmarshes and seagrass are powerful carbon and biodiversity ‘sinks’.

Blue Carbon ecosystems store carbon, buffer storm surge, sea-level rise and erosion, filter pollutants from land runoff, and combat marine wildlife habitat loss. These carbon-rich ecosystems are vital to mitigating the impacts of climate change. They are also critical for coastal biodiversity, food security, livelihoods and human well-being, in addition to climate adaptation – protecting millions of people globally from the impacts of storms, coastal flooding and erosion. Blue carbon ecosystems are also under threat – once these ecosystems are degraded or destroyed, their carbon stores are released as carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. The effects of climate change further threaten coastal ecosystems through the impacts of sea level rise, extreme weather events, and ocean acidification. 

Effective management and restoration of Blue Carbon ecosystems is increasingly recognised in international and scientific circles as a ‘nature-based solution’ to climate change, with a range of environmental, economic and social co-benefits. Policy discussions surrounding Blue Carbon are new and emerging, and there are many unanswered questions about the more effective and fair way to ensure their restoration and protection for the benefit of current and future generations. 

Source: Adapted from Macpherson and Jorgensen (2024) and Aotearoa New Zealand’s Key Marine Legislation Sustainable Seas (2020)

Research team

Elizabeth Macpherson

Elizabeth Macpherson

Elizabeth Macpherson

  University of Canterbury

Law


 Elizabeth is a Professor of Law at the University of Canterbury and leader of the Blue Carbon Futures research programme. She researchers comparative environmental, natural resources, and constitutional law, and has led numerous interdisciplinary teams working on the design and implementation of marine and freshwater legal and policy frameworks. Elizabeth has over twenty years legal and policy experience advising Indigenous peoples and governments. 

John Reid

Elizabeth Macpherson

Elizabeth Macpherson

 Ngāi Tahu Research Centre
Indigenous development

  

Professor John Reid is a researcher at the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre whose work integrates te ao Māori, systems thinking, and sustainability and interdisciplinary science. His research focuses on environmental governance, regenerative land water management, Māori economic development, and emerging technologies, including AI, remote sensing, and environmental digital twins. He collaborates with iwi, industry, government, and researchers to address complex sustainability challenges.

Richard Bulmer

Elizabeth Macpherson

Richard Bulmer

Tidal Research

Ecology

  

Richard is a marine ecologist and Director of Tidal Research, with more than 15 years’ experience in benthic ecology, ecosystem functioning, blue carbon, and coastal management. He leads national research programmes on blue carbon, cumulative effects, and ecosystem restoration, and works closely with iwi, government agencies, and communities to support evidence-based management of Aotearoa New Zealand’s marine and estuarine environments.

Karen Fisher

Rachael Mortiaux

Richard Bulmer

University of Auckland

Geography and governance


  

Karen is a Professor of Human Geography at the University of Auckland whose research focuses on freshwater and marine socio-ecological systems, environmental governance, and sustainable development. Her work explores the relationships between people, place, and ecosystems, with a particular emphasis on Indigenous knowledge, co-governance, and environmental justice. Karen has led interdisciplinary research programmes that support innovative approaches to managing freshwater and marine environments in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Rachael Mortiaux

Rachael Mortiaux

Rachael Mortiaux

University of Canterbury

Law

  

Rachael is a qualifed environmental lawyer, and a PhD researcher at the University of Canterbury.  Rachael's research focuses on environmental, natural resources and planning law with particular interest in marine and coastal governance. Rachael contributes to interdisciplinary and comparative research, exploring the intersection of law, policy, Indigenous rights, and environmental management in Aotearoa New Zealand and beyond.

Claire Burgess

Rachael Mortiaux

Rachael Mortiaux

University of Canterbury

PhD Researcher: Law and Society

  

Claire is a doctoral researcher in the Faculty of Law at the University of Canterbury and a member of the Blue Carbon Futures research programme. Her research examines Indigenous authority, customary marine tenure, and blue carbon initiatives across Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. Claire brings extensive policy, advocacy, and research experience working with governments, NGOs, and Indigenous communities, with interests in legal pluralism, climate justice, and decolonising environmental policy.

Julia Torres

Molly Morabito

Molly Morabito

University of Canterbury

Postdoctoral Fellow

  

Julia holds a PhD in Legal Geography from the University of Canterbury. She also holds an LL.M. in International Legal Studies from American University Washington College of Law and a Law Degree from the Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Her research interests include comparative law, particularly in the fields of environmental law and policy, Indigenous rights, and human rights.

Molly Morabito

Molly Morabito

Molly Morabito

University of California

Visiting Scholar


 Molly is an MSc candidate in the Coastal Science & Policy Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz. She is researching permitting pathways to scale up coastal wetland restoration. Molly holds a B.A. in Communications, Law, Economics, & Government from American University and a MSc in Environmental Policy & Regulation from the London School of Economics. 



Place-based studies

The legal barriers, enablers and risks of blue carbon restoration and management vary from place to place depending on land tenure arrangements, Māori rights and interests, and regional planning controls.


This Rutherford Discovery Fellowship programme will include representative place-based studies at different spatial scales to explore the various legal barriers, opportunities and risks of blue carbon.


The programme will also explore comparative case studies, to understand how blue carbon legal frameworks are being designed and implemented overseas.


Some place-based studies may involve in-depth engagement with local communities, and some may be more desktop focused.


Study locations TBC


Research outputs

Making the case for relational research methods.

River Rights and the Territorial Autonomy Within and Beyond the Courtroom

River Rights and the Territorial Autonomy Within and Beyond the Courtroom

In this article we draw on our experiences and provide our four top tips for researchers of river personhood. 

River Rights and the Territorial Autonomy Within and Beyond the Courtroom

River Rights and the Territorial Autonomy Within and Beyond the Courtroom

River Rights and the Territorial Autonomy Within and Beyond the Courtroom

In this article we find that communities are strategically leveraging river rights frameworks, alongside constitutional and human rights protections, to assert and enhance their territorial autonomy. 

(Sustainable) Development, Environment, and the Relational ‘Third Space’

River Rights and the Territorial Autonomy Within and Beyond the Courtroom

(Sustainable) Development, Environment, and the Relational ‘Third Space’

In this article we argue that centring relationality in environmental law frameworks might help to shift away from binary approaches to environmental law, which trade off economic versus environmental and cultural interests.

Doing research about relational water governance...

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

(Sustainable) Development, Environment, and the Relational ‘Third Space’

In this chapter we argue that researchers cannot understand and learn from relational water governance approaches without humility and critical self-reflection, particularly regarding their worldviews, positionality and disciplinary biases.

New article about enabling coastal blue carbon in Aotearoa New Zealand

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

This article explores enablers and bariers for blue carbon restoration and management in Aotearoa New Zealand, including the role of government and the insurance industry.

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

Op-ed about risks to Māori rights and interests from the fast-track legislation

This op-ed highlights the ways in which the New Zealand Government’s proposed Fast-Track Approvals Bill would enable the prioritisation of development interests over environmental and Indigenous interests, including in marine and coastal contexts.  

New report on carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands

New report on carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands

New report on carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands

This report uses a Systems Thinking approach to describe the connections between actions of different stakeholders, and manawhenua, within the coastal-wetland carbon sequestration ‘system’, and highlights key actions and interventions for carbon sequestration to be considered in management of coastal wetlands in Aotearoa New Zealand 

Recent related work

 This article evaluates scale-dependencies in social-ecological systems and argues that scale-dependencies should be clearly identified as part of marine management and policy, in order to increase the success of ecosystem-based decision-making processes

This research project, undertaken as part of the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge, develops a research base for policy makers, Māori and stakeholders to navigate the legislative, policy and practice constraints surrounding ecosystem-based management and any changes required to enable it 

This webinar explores key findings from the Sustainable Seas Policy and Legislation for EBM research project

This article highlights critical and timely opportunities in Aotearoa New Zealand’s evolving legal context to support an ecosystem-based approach across fisheries regulation, biodiversity conservation, environmental effects management, and Indigenous or customary rights 

This article draws on comprehensive study of Aotearoa New Zealand's marine law and policy to analyse the challenges scale mismatches present for marine law and policy implementation and identifying key opportunities to better align marine law and policy to ecosystem scale dynamics

Radio New Zealand's Turning the Tide documentary explores the work of researchers, kaitiaki, and community members as they pool their knowledge and resources to improve the health of the seas around Aotearoa New Zealand 

 This article investigates the proposition that Marine Spatial Planning can be a tool to drive the EBM transition by analysing the ocean and marine governance transition in Kaikōura over the past 20 years 

This research sets out concrete policy recommendations to ensure healthy outcomes for Aotearoa New Zealand’s ocean and people 

This research provides examples of legal enablers for ecosystem-based management in marine planning and policy 

News

Funding

This Research programme is generously funded by Te Apārangi - The Royal Society and runs from 2024 – 2029.

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